Nile - biography
For other uses, see Nile (disambiguation).The Nile has two major tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile, the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and fertile soil, but the former being the longer of the two.The two rivers meet near the Sudanese capital Khartoum.The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt, a country whose civilization has depended on the river since ancient times.The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea.Etymology of the word Nile
2 Tributaries and distributaries
2.Politics
4 Hydrology
5 History
5.The search for the source of the Nile
5.In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called iteru, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown on the right (literally itrw).There are two great tributaries of the Nile, joining at Khartoum: the White Nile, starting in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile, beginning in Ethiopia.Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift, the southern part of the Great Rift Valley.Below the Blue and White Nile confluence the only remaining major tributary is the Atbara River, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is around 800 km (500 miles) long.It joins the Nile approximately 300 km (200 miles) north of Khartoum.The Nile is unusual in that its last tributary (the Atbara) joins it roughly halfway to the sea.From that point north, the Nile diminishes because of evaporation.The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive.This is called the "Great Bend of the Nile."North of Cairo, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east, forming the Nile Delta.The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahar Dar, Ethiopia forms the upstream of the Blue Nile.The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake itself has feeder rivers of considerable size.The Nile leaves Lake Victoria at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda, as the Victoria Nile.It flows for approximately 500 km (300 miles) farther, through Lake Kyoga, until it reaches Lake Albert.After leaving Lake Albert, the river is known as the Albert Nile.The Bahr al Ghazal, itself 716 km (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No, after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the whitish clay suspended in its waters.When the Nile flooded it left this rich material named silt.From Lake No, the river flows to Khartoum.An anabranch river called Bahr el Zeraf flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile.The term "White Nile" is used in both a general sense, referring to the entire river above Khartoum, and a limited sense, the section between Lake No and Khartoum.The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 km (850 miles) to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the "Nile proper".Lost headwaters
Formerly Lake Tanganyika drained northwards along the African Rift Valley into the Albert Nile, making the Nile about 900 miles longer, until blocked in Miocene times by the bulk of the Virunga Volcanoes.The usage of the Nile River has been vastly associated with East and horn of African politics for many decades.Various countries, including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about the Egyptian domination of the Nile water resources.The Nile Basin Initiative was one of the most important programs to promote equal usage and peaceful cooperation between the "Nile Basin States."The Nile still supports much of the population living along its banks, with the Egyptians living in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara.The Nile was, and still is, used to transport goods to different places along its long path; especially since winter winds in this area blow up river, the ships could travel up with no work by using the sail, and down using the flow of the river.While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the construction of the Aswan High Dam (finished in 1970) to provide hydroelectricity ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil.The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan to the north of the Aswan Dams.The Nile north of Aswan is a regular tourist route, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas.In addition, many "floating hotel" cruise boats ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping in at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way.More recently, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan but Egypt was protected from drought by water impounded in Lake Nasser.Beginning in the 1980s techniques of analysis using hydrology transport models have been used in the Nile to analyze water quality.The flow rate of the Albert Nile at Mongalla is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 cubic meters per second (36,980 cubic feet per second).After Mongalla, the Nile is known as the Bahr El Jebel which enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of Sudan.From here it soon meets with the Sobat River and forms the White Nile.The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of drainage area and discharge.When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment, adding greatly to the White Nile's color.From here the White Nile flows to Khartoum where it merges with the Blue Nile to form the Nile River.Further upstream the Atbara River, the last significant Nile tributary, merges with the Nile.During the dry period, there will typically be no flow from the Atbara River.The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow.August (variation by a factor of 50).The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls, part of the Nile's upper reaches.The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) was the lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan.The Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since the Stone Age.The Eonile
The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands.Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile.The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean, where several gas fields have been discovered within these sediments.Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred feet below world ocean level at Aswan and 8000 feet below Cairo.This huge canyon is now full of later sediment.Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda.That would have made the Nile much longer, with its longest headwaters in northern Zambia.The Nile is an unending source of sustenance.The Nile made the land surrounding it extremely fertile when it flooded or was inundated annually.The Egyptians were able to cultivate wheat and crops around the Nile, providing food for the general population.Persians introduced them in the 7th century BC, camels.Water was vital to both people and livestock.The Nile was also a convenient and efficient way of transportation for people and goods.The Nile also provided flax for trade.Also, the Nile provided the resources such as food or money, to quickly and efficiently raise an army for offensive or defensive roles.The Nile played a major role in politics and social life.He or she would in turn use it for the wellbeing of Egyptian society.The Nile was a source of spiritual dimension.Hapi, and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding of the Nile River.Also, the Nile was considered as a causeway from life to death and afterlife.Thus, all tombs were located west of the Nile, because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife, they must be buried on the side that symbolized death.The Nile provided the elements that make a vigorous civilization, and contributed much to its lasting three thousand years.The Great Bend of the Nile in Sudan, looking north across the Sahara Desert towards Northern Sudan.Despite the attempts of the Greeks and Romans (who were unable to penetrate the Sudd), the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown.Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian highlands, but no European in Antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana, let alone retraced the steps of this expedition farther than Meroe.Europeans learned little new information about the origins of the Nile until the 15th and 16th centuries, when travelers to Ethiopia visited not only Lake Tana, but the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake.Nile (History of Ethiopia c.The White Nile was even less understood, and the ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile; for example, Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins "in a mountain of lower Mauretania", flowed above ground for "many days" distance, then went underground, reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyles, then sank again below the desert to flow underground "for a distance of 20 days' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians."Burton, who had been recovering from illness at the time and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to have been the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled.Modern achievements
The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national Hendri Coetzee, became the first to navigate the Nile's entire length.The expedition took off from the source of the Nile in Uganda on January 17, 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, 4 months and 2 weeks later.On April 28, 2004, geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to navigate the Blue Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean.They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams, sharing their story in the IMAX film "Mystery of the Nile", and in a book of the same title.South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendri Coetzee on 30 April 2005, became the first to navigate the most remote headstream, the remote source of the Nile, the Akagera river, which starts as the Rukarara in Nyungwe forest in Rwanda.What did the ancient Egyptians call the Nile river?Britannica Online Library Edition.Fact File about the Nile River
Comparison between the Nile and Amazon Rivers
Photographs of the Nile in Uganda
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law See Nile River.This page was last modified 20:40, 11 February 2008.The Nile flows from the mountains in the south to the
Mediterranean in the north.Blue Nile, the White Nile and the
Arbara.Along most of its length through Egypt, the Nile has scoured a
deep, wide gorge in the desert plateau.At Aswan North of the
first cataract the Nile is deeper and its surface smoother.In addition to the Valley and the Delta, the Nile also
divided Egypt into the Eastern and Western Deserts.The Nile Valley is a canyon running 660 miles long with a
floodplain occupying 4,250 square miles.Pre, the water of Ptah
and the water of Amun.There were additionally subsidiary branches or
artificially cut channels.The Eastern Desert was exploited in Pharaonic times for its
rich minerals.But the Nile represents life itself to the
people of Egypt, ancient and modern.The River filled all areas of life with symbolism.Conqueror of the Two Lands, He fills the stores, Makes
bulge the barns, Gives bounty to the poor.Nile in ancient
times.The great historian also called Egypt the gift of
the Nile.Egypt as being a great paradise where the people simply sat and
waited for the sowing and harvesting to need be done.Indeed, one flood in five was
either too low or too high.Nile and its flooding, then the
famine would be ended.Many modern travelers to Egypt today take a Nile cruise as part
of their package.The Nile flowed from south to north at an average speed of
about four knots during inundation season.During the dryer season when the water level was lower,
and speed slower, the same trip would last about two months.Qena, the Nile would flow from west to east
and then back from east to west, slowing down travel.Truly, the Nile is the Heart of the ancient and modern land of
Egypt.Design, Layout and Graphic Art by Jimmy Dunn, an InterCity Oz, Inc.SPIN"NILE are death metal's saviors.""Through intelligence and power, NILE gives death metal hope.BRAVE WORDS AND BLOODY KNUCKLESWith four critically acclaimed albums, a few EPs and several world tours under their belt, NILE has raised the bar for extreme metal bands musically, lyrically and conceptually.Neil Kernon (JUDAS PRIEST, NEVERMORE) showcases NILE's savagery and subtleties alike on what is their most commanding statement of intent yet.Pete Hammoura (drums), NILE wasted little time combining their interest in Egyptian history, culture and lore with the ferocity of modern death metal.Using a symphonic approach to songwriting and arrangement, NILE unleashed an uncompromising attack that fused unique, technical death metal with organic Middle Eastern tones.NILE converted thousands of new fans to their distinctive sound.ANGELCORPSE) was chosen as his replacement.So ambitious and lofty were their ideas that it became an obsession that took up all their waking moments.Wade a year to work out.Bob Moore to attempt to capture its then most sprawling, ambitious work to date.Black Seeds of Vengeance' was a relentless, scathing death metal assault that built off the energy and atmosphere of 'Amongst...Once again NILE hit the road and over the next year, in support slots and as the headliner, the band proved they had no equal in the live arena.Stages near and far were decimated.NILE plunged headfirst into their most ambitious project yet.In Their Darkened Shrines' fused the band's trademark Middle Eastern trappings, symphonic bent, speed and intensity into one of the most epic death metal albums conceived."In Their Darkened Shrines."Presented by Revolver Magazine, NILE headlined a summer 2002 tour that featured ORIGIN, HATE ETERNAL and ARCH ENEMY.NILE cut a swath through much of the U.NAPALM DEATH, VOIVOD and STRAPPING YOUNG LAD in tow.NILE traveled to Europe to play the Gods of Metal Festival and the Fields of Rock Festival, which featured such hard rock luminaries as METALLICA, LIMP BIZKIT, MARILYN MANSON and DISTURBED.During the late summer NILE completed work on two videos from 'In Their Darkened Shrines': a concept video for the track "Sarcophagus" and a performance video for "Execration Text."Not long after this, NILE announced their third U.In Their Darkened Shrines.With the release of Annihilation of the Wicked, NILE has proven themselves peerless in the modern day extreme metal world.Inarguably their strongest and most creative work to date, Annihilation sets the stage for NILE to once again bring their searing live show to stages the world over.KING DIAMOND will allow fans a glimpse at what Annihilation of the Wicked has in store and the band will remain on the road for the duration of 2005, proving night in and night out that every accolade heaped upon them is more than justified.NilePapyrus Containing The Spell...Markets open in 9 hours and 30 minutes.Time QuotesTech TickerGet QuotesFinance SearchBlue Nile Inc.NILE)On Feb 11: 55.NasdaqGS:NILE) After Hours: 55.Volume:428,299Avg Vol (3m):618,197Market Cap:886.Data
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45.Re: NILE at 56, time to start shorting again??Go chreck out all the blogs on yahoo finance.Re: Has anybody noticed the Insider Sell?Blue Nile also operates the www.Blue Nile specializes in the customization of diamond jewelry with its Build Your Own feature that offers customers the ability to customize diamond rings, pendants and earrings.Blue Nile Websites for sale to consumers without holding the diamonds in its inventory until the products are ordered by customers.Information is provided 'as is' and solely for informational purposes, not
for trading purposes or advice, and may be delayed.Nile between Louxor and Aswan.Sailing on the Nile at Luxor.Felucca on the Nile.Map showing the course of the White Nile on its way down Sudan.This page was last modified 17:21, 20 September 2007.
