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licensing rules apply.Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient.It exists not as a single compound, but in several forms.In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an alcohol (retinol), but can also exist as an aldehyde (retinal), or as an acid (retinoic acid).Precursors to the vitamin (a provitamin) are present in foods of plant origin as some of the members of the carotenoid family of compounds.This structure is essential for vitamin activity.A, are used in medicine.Discovery of vitamin A
The discovery of vitamin A stemmed from research dating back to 1906, indicating that factors other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary to keep cattle healthy.Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne at Yale University.Because the production of retinol from provitamins by the human body is regulated by the amount of retinol available to the body, the conversions apply strictly only for vitamin A deficient humans.The absorption of provitamins also depends greatly on the amount of lipids ingested with the provitamin; lipids increase the uptake of the provitamin.Recommended daily intake
Vitamin A US Dietary Reference Intake:
900 micrograms (3000 IU) for men
700 micrograms (2300 IU) for women.Note that the limit refers to retinoid forms of vitamin A.Carotene forms from dietary sources are not toxic.Each of the following contains at least 0.See Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin A or beta carotene per 1.Note: bracketed values are retinol equivalences and percentage of RDI per 100g.Conversion of carotene to retinol varies from person to person and bioavailability of carotene in food varies.Deficiency
One of the earliest manifestations of vitamin A deficiency is impaired vision, particularly in reduced light Night blindness.Persistent deficiency gives rise to a series of changes, the most devastating of which occur in the eyes.Collectively, the ocular changes are referred to as xerophthalmia.First there is dryness of the conjunctiva (xerosis) as the normal lacrimal and mucus secreting epithelium is replaced by a keratinized epithelium.Other changes include impaired immunity, hypokeratosis (white lumps at hair follicles), keratosis pilaris and squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining the upper respiratory passages and urinary bladder to a keratinized epithelium.Adequate supply of Vitamin A is especially important for pregnant and breastfeeding women, since deficiencies cannot be compensated by postnatal supplementation.As such, vitamin A toxicity can result.This can lead to nausea, jaundice, irritability, anorexia (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa, the eating disorder), vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness and altered mental status.However, liver toxicities can occur at levels as low as 15,000 IU per day to 1.IU per day, with an average daily toxic dose of 120,000 IU per day.In people with renal failure 4000 IU can cause substantial damage.Additionally excessive alcohol intake can increase toxicity.In chronic cases, hair loss, drying of the mucous membranes, fever, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, bone fractures, anemia, and diarrhea can all be evident on top of the symptoms associated with less serious toxicity.These toxicities only occur with preformed (retinoid) vitamin A (such as from liver).The amount of vitamin A as retinol in the livers of predators and Arctic and Antarctic animals is greater than other animals."Discovery of Vitamin A".Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.Alleviation of Vitamin A deficiency with palm fruit and its products.Sources of vitamin A.Borel P, Drai J, Faure H, et al (2005).Tang G, Qin J, Dolnikowski GG, Russell RM, Grusak MA (2005)."Spinach or carrots can supply significant amounts of vitamin A as assessed by feeding with intrinsically deuterated vegetables".Strobel M, Tinz J, Biesalski HK (2007).Schulz C, Engel U, Kreienberg R, Biesalski HK (2007).Sale TA, Stratman E (2004)."Carotenemia associated with green bean ingestion".Nishimura Y, Ishii N, Sugita Y, Nakajima H (1998).Takita Y, Ichimiya M, Hamamoto Y, Muto M (2006).Gerald Litwack, Vitamin A.San Diego, CA, Elsevier Academic Press, 2007.This page was last modified 12:04, 12 February 2008.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.See Copyrights for details.Window unit turned PC Water coolerPosted Feb 11th 2008 10:42PM by Will O'BrienFiled under: misc hacks, pcs hacksI almost passed this one up because it was shotgunned across a few blogs, but it would be a shame to pass up on a good hack.AC unit to cool the CPU in his rig.To cool the CPU, he used a normal water block, but insulated the coolant lines between the cooling unit and the machine.That should give you the idea.For more details, have fun deciphering his project in pictures.It's pretty interesting to see what the space boys require for their electronics work.The idea is to scale higher resolutions like 1024x768 down to the native 800x480 screen resolution.His post tells you how (but requires windows) and helpfully provides the required downloadable driver.He's using a Playstation six axis controller as the key to his helmet tracking system.The demo is short and to the point.He's using the usual Glovepie driver to provide the software interface and what looks like off the shelf hardware on the helmet.What really grabs my attention is the low cost of getting into VR now.Assuming that you own a computer, you can build your own VR setup for the cost of a Playstation controller and a cheap heads up display.It uses a servo mounted IR range finder to locate and display the distance to an object.LED display proximity sensors.It makes me think of the direction finders in every other 80's action movie.It's gotten some attention on Digg, but I like it for the inexpensive build and the excellent use of a PIC 18F452.It's not very high quality, but it could be useful for adding low cost audio feedback to your projects.After removing the player hardware, he shows where you'll need to tap the circuit to feed it composite video.Looks like just the thing for those portable console projects.DMX light control for home automationPosted Feb 5th 2008 6:44PM by Will O'BrienFiled under: home hacksGenerally, the only time I've ever seen DMX in use is for stage productions.DMX interface and a bunch of commercial DMX dimmers.His light switches were replaced with potentiometers connected to the system via CAT5 cabling.Monday retinal extraPosted Feb 4th 2008 11:37PM by Will O'BrienFiled under: misc hacksLook ma, it's my retina.Here's a short collection of hacks to make yours happy.The info is interesting, but everything is inside a giant zip file.USB piezo drum pad controller.The parts count is pretty low and the drum pads are created using the usual DIY piezo speaker sensor.Nokia phone turned SMS remote control project.USB analog gauge interface.If you haven't checked, the commercial versions are pretty expensive.His solution was to mate a salvaged saturn wiper motor (sans control board) with a polypropylene bolted ball valve.Oh, and happy birthday to me.It's based on a LEGO Excavator kit with a few spare parts via ebay.The controller is a Nokia phone running a small webserver.PIC 24F microcontroller runs the show as it receives commands via the phones IR interface.Think of it as a poor mans mars earth rover.FYI, This puppy made engadget while I was working it over, so the site might get a bit overloaded in the near future.The idea is simple and honorable: make gaming accessible to the physically limited.Looks like a fairly easy project if you're familiar with the pointy end of a soldering iron.Tengu clone reduxPosted Jan 31st 2008 10:45PM by Will O'BrienFiled under: misc hacksRemember the open source Tengo clone?It's a nice piece of work, and I love it when we inspire new projects!The video is in Spanish but subtitled in english.After studying the features of the original Tengu developed by Crispin Jones, I started to specify the requirements of my own clone.Its usage is very easy.Tengu to a USB port, it will switch on in a sleep state.Blowing on its face he will wake up.Tengu yawns and, if and only if it is the first time we use it, it will start the candles game.Fortunately, my sister is only 25 years old.Tengu starts to imitate every noise it hears.The active set of faces changes blowing or with a strong noise.Auditive acuteness is configurable through the back potentiometer.Pressing this button toggles between the imitate mode and the scrolling message mode.Tengu will reset, recovering the same state as if it had never been used before; this implies that the candle games will appear again after awakening it.Tengu will fall slept.The signal captured by the microphone is amplified using an LM358 before reaching an analog input in the PIC.The firmware is written in CCS C, and the PIC has been burned using the parallel port version of GTP Lite and WinPIC800.Electronic schematic, PCB artwork, source code and compiled firmware are available for download in www.Any further information will be published in www.SMD resistors for one of their student organizations.The stepper motor and LCD were salvaged from a printer, an ATMega8 drives it, and a servo drives the cutting mechanism.The video's not very exciting, but it shows a decent demo of the device.Lego Mindstorm automated microscope.Mindstorms are used to allow the intel QX3 microscope to take data over a grid area.It's an interesting idea for collecting time series data.The computer interface is a bit overly complex, but the Lego's make this sort of project accessible to the amateur roboticist.The software was written in windows, but the circuit is simple enough, and most hackers I know have more computers than immediate family members.The circuit uses a HC245 octal bus transceiver to feed the 8 data lines on the parallel port.You can use a variety of chips for this application, most CMOS buffers will probably be fine.We apologize for any inconvenience.Improvements to the LaTeX compiler, including the availability of
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The following list of Articles ASAP is limited to the latest 20 articles.Visit the All Articles ASAP page for the complete listing.Checks and unchecks unlimited number in the group...Pass the Checkbox group name...On the Determination of Monomer Dissociation Energies of Small Water Clusters from Photoionization Experiments
Shawn M.Schenter, and Sotiris S.Interpretation of Uptake Coefficient Data Obtained with Flow Tubes
E.Bonded Complexes Involving Alkynes
Eugene S.Photon Ionization of Liquid Polyols.Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Protonated Acetylene and Its Clusters
G.IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy and Theory of Au+(CO)n Complexes: Nonclassical Carbonyls in the Gas Phase
J.Electron Integrals
Anthony D.How Accurate Are Approximate Methods for Evaluating Partition Functions for Hindered Internal Rotations?Ching Yeh Lin, Ekaterina I.Izgorodina, and Michelle L.Generated Electron Distributions
Braden Coles, Paul Vrbik, Robert D.Giacometti, and Stuart M.Characterizing Excited States of CH5+ with Diffusion Monte Carlo
Charlotte E.Hinkle and Anne B.Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of VO2+ with Propyne in Gas Phase
Lourdes Gracia, Victor Polo, Julio R.Xylopyranoside with Metal Ions: Density Functional Theory Study of Cationic and Neutral Bridging and Pendant Complexes
Sajjad Karamat and Walter M.Chief: 2008 Editorial on Journal parts and sections, ACS Paragon Plus, new Editors, and the Centennial of the Physical Chemistry Division.This journal is listed in the U.National Library of Medicine's PubMed index.American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth Street N.HIVYour Guide: Mark Cichocki, R.Classical HistoryYour Guide: N.RentalYour Guide: Jennifer Lai
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